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Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in code generation. However, existing LLMs&#39; decoding strategies are designed for Natural Language (NL) generation, overlooking the differences between NL and programming languages (PL). Due to this oversight, a better decoding strategy for code generation remains an open question. In this paper, we conduct the first systematic study to explore a decoding strategy specialized in code generation. With an analysis of loss distributions of code tokens, we find that code tokens can be divided into two categories: challenging tokens that are difficult to predict and confident tokens that can be easily inferred. Among them, the challenging tokens mainly appear at the beginning of a code block. Inspired by the above findings, we propose a simple yet effective method: Adaptive Temperature (AdapT) sampling, which dynamically adjusts the temperature coefficient when decoding different tokens. We apply a larger temperature when sampling for challenging tokens, allowing LLMs to explore diverse choices. We employ a smaller temperature for confident tokens avoiding the influence of tail randomness noises. We apply AdapT sampling to LLMs with different sizes and conduct evaluations on two popular datasets. Results show that AdapT sampling significantly outperforms state-of-the-art decoding strategy.

AAAI 2024

Hot or Cold? Adaptive Temperature Sampling for Code Generation with Large Language Models

software engineering

generation

language models

### Welcome!
The 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2024) will take place in Bangkok, Thailand from August 11th to 16th, 2024. Our Virtual Poster Sessions will take place online Thursday, August 22, 2024.

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ACL 2024

The 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2024) will take place in Bangkok, Thailand from August 11th to 16th, 2024. More information will be announced soon.

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in code generation. However, existing LLMs' decoding strategies are designed for Natural Language (NL) generation, overlooking the differences between NL and programming languages (PL). Due to this oversight, a better decoding strategy for code generation remains an open question. In this paper, we conduct the first systematic study to explore a decoding strategy specialized in code generation. With an analysis of loss distributions of code tokens, we find that code tokens can be divided into two categories: challenging tokens that are difficult to predict and confident tokens that can be easily inferred. Among them, the challenging tokens mainly appear at the beginning of a code block. Inspired by the above findings, we propose a simple yet effective method: Adaptive Temperature (AdapT) sampling, which dynamically adjusts the temperature coefficient when decoding different tokens. We apply a larger temperature when sampling for challenging tokens, allowing LLMs to explore diverse choices. We employ a smaller temperature for confident tokens avoiding the influence of tail randomness noises. We apply AdapT sampling to LLMs with different sizes and conduct evaluations on two popular datasets. Results show that AdapT sampling significantly outperforms state-of-the-art decoding strategy.

technical paper

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The purpose of the AAAI conference series is to promote research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and foster scientific exchange between researchers, practitioners, scientists, students, and engineers across the entirety of AI and its affiliated disciplines. 

Compositional zero-shot learning (CZSL) aims to recognize unseen attribute-object compositions by learning from seen compositions. Composing the learned knowledge of seen primitives, \emph{i.e.}, attributes or objects, into novel compositions is critical for CZSL. In this work, we propose to explicitly retrieve knowledge of seen primitives for compositional zero-shot learning. We present a retrieval-augmented method, which augments standard multi-path classification methods with two retrieval modules. Specifically, we construct two databases storing the attribute and object representations of training images, respectively. For an input training/testing image, we use two retrieval modules to retrieve representations of training images with the same attribute and object, respectively. The primitive representations of the input image are augmented by using the retrieved representations, for composition recognition. By referencing semantically similar images, the proposed method is capable of recalling knowledge of seen primitives for compositional generalization. Experiments on three widely-used datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Retrieval-Augmented Primitive Representations for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning | VIDEO

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring dialogues with more complex goals, such as negotiation, persuasion, and emotional support, which go beyond traditional service-focused dialogue systems. Apart from the requirement for much more sophisticated strategic reasoning and communication skills, a significant challenge of these tasks lies in the difficulty of objectively measuring the achievement of their goals in a quantifiable way, making it difficult for existing research to directly optimize the dialogue procedure towards them. In our work, we emphasize the multifaceted nature of complex dialogue goals and argue that it is more feasible to accomplish them by comprehensively considering and jointly promoting their different aspects. To this end, we propose a novel dialogue framework, Cooper, which coordinates multiple specialized agents, each dedicated to a specific dialogue goal aspect separately, to approach the complex objective. Through this divide-and-conquer manner, we make complex dialogue goals more approachable and elicit greater intelligence via the collaboration of individual agents. Experiments on persuasion and emotional support dialogues demonstrate the superiority of our method over a set of competitive baselines.

Cooper: Coordinating Specialized Agents towards a Complex Dialogue Goal

Previous 3D hand pose estimation methods primarily rely on a single modality, either RGB or depth, and the comprehensive utilization of the dual modalities has not been extensively explored. RGB and depth data provide complementary information and thus can be fused to enhance the robustness of 3D hand pose estimation. However, there exist two problems for applying existing fusion methods in 3D hand pose estimation: redundancy of dense feature fusion and ambiguity of visual features. First, pixel-wise feature interactions introduce high computational costs and ineffective calculations of invalid pixels. Second, visual features suffer from ambiguity due to color and texture similarities, as well as depth holes and noise caused by frequent hand movements, which interferes with modeling cross-modal correlations. In this paper, we propose Keypoint-Fusion for RGB-D based 3D hand pose estimation, which leverages the unique advantages of dual modalities to mutually eliminate the feature ambiguity, and performs cross-modal feature fusion in a more efficient way. Specifically, we focus cross-modal fusion on sparse yet informative spatial regions (i.e. keypoints). Meanwhile, by explicitly extracting relatively more reliable information as disambiguation evidence, depth modality provides 3D geometric information for RGB feature pixels, and RGB modality complements the precise edge information lost due to the depth noise. Keypoint-Fusion achieves state-of-the-art performance on two challenging hand datasets, significantly decreasing the error compared with previous single-modal methods.

Keypoint Fusion for RGB-D Based 3D Hand Pose Estimation

Causal effect estimation from observational data is a central problem in causal inference. Methods based on potential outcomes framework solve this problem by exploiting inductive biases and heuristics from causal inference. Each of these methods addresses a specific aspect of causal effect estimation, such as controlling propensity score, enforcing randomization, etc., by designing neural network (NN) architectures and regularizers. In this paper, we propose an adaptive method called Neurosymbolic Causal Effect Estimator (NESTER), a generalized method for causal effect estimation. NESTER integrates the ideas used in existing methods based on multi-head NNs for causal effect estimation into one framework. We design a Domain Specific Language (DSL) tailored for causal effect estimation based on causal inductive biases used in literature. We conduct a theoretical analysis to investigate NESTER's efficacy in estimating causal effects. Our comprehensive empirical results show that NESTER performs better than state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets.

NESTER: An Adaptive Neurosymbolic Method for Causal Effect Estimation | VIDEO

Generative methods tackle Multi-Label Classification (MLC) by autoregressively generating label sequences. These methods excel at modeling label correlations and have achieved outstanding performance. However, a key challenge is determining the order of labels, as empirical findings indicate the significant impact of different orders on model learning and inference. Previous works adopt static label-ordering methods, assigning a unified label order for all samples based on label frequencies or co-occurrences. Nonetheless, such static methods neglect the unique semantics of each sample. More critically, these methods can cause the model to rigidly memorize training order, resulting in missing labels during inference. In light of these limitations, this paper proposes a dynamic label-order learning approach that adaptively learns a label order for each sample. Specifically, our approach adopts a difficulty-prioritized principle and iteratively constructs the label sequence based on the sample s semantics. To reduce the additional cost incurred by label-order learning, we use the same SEQ2SEQ model for label-order learning and MLC learning and introduce a unified loss function for joint optimization. Extensive experiments on public datasets reveal that our approach greatly outperforms previous methods. We will release our code at https: //github.com/KagamiBaka/DLOL.

Enhancing Multi-Label Classification via Dynamic Label-Order Learning

Generating realistic human motion sequences from text descriptions is a challenging task that requires capturing the rich expressiveness of both natural language and human motion. Recent advances in diffusion models have enabled significant progress in human motion synthesis. However, existing methods struggle to handle text inputs that describe complex or long motions. In this paper, we propose the Adaptable Motion Diffusion (AMD) model, which leverages a Large Language Model (LLM) to parse the input text into a sequence of concise and interpretable anatomical scripts that correspond to the target motion. This process exploits the LLM’s ability to provide anatomical guidance for complex motion synthesis. We then devise a two-branch fusion scheme that balances the influence of the input text and the anatomical scripts on the inverse diffusion process, which adaptively ensures the semantic fidelity and diversity of the synthesized motion. Our method can effectively handle texts with complex or long motion descriptions, where existing methods often fail. Experiments on datasets with relatively more complex motions, such as CLCD1 and CLCD2, demonstrate that our AMD significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art models.

AMD: Anatomical Motion Diffusion with Interpretable Motion Decomposition and Fusion | VIDEO

With the rapid development of 3D movie and light-field displays, there is a growing demand for stereo videos. However, generating high-quality stereo videos from planar videos remains a challenging task. Traditional depth-image-based rendering techniques struggle to effectively handle the problem of occlusion exposure, which occurs when the occluded contents  become visible in other views. Recently, the single-view multiplane images (MPI) representation has shown promising performance for planar video stereoscopy. However, the MPI still lacks real details that are occluded in the current frame, resulting in blurry artifacts in occlusion exposure regions. In fact, planar videos can leverage complementary information from adjacent frames to predict a more complete scene representation for the current frame. Therefore, this paper extends the MPI from still frames to the temporal domain, introducing the temporal MPI (TMPI). By extracting complementary information from adjacent frames based on optical flow guidance, obscured regions in the current frame can be effectively repaired. Additionally, a new module called masked optical flow warping (MOFW) is introduced to improve the propagation of pixels along optical flow trajectories.

Stereo Vision Conversion from Planar Videos Based on Temporal Multiplane Images

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to collaboratively train a global model without disclosing their data. Previous researches often require training the complete model parameters. However, the emergence of powerful pre-trained models makes it possible to achieve higher performance with fewer learnable parameters in FL. In this paper, we propose a federated adaptive prompt tuning algorithm, FedAPT, for multi-domain collaborative image classification with powerful foundation models, like CLIP. Compared with direct federated prompt tuning, our core idea is to adaptively unlock specific domain knowledge for each test sample in order to provide them with personalized prompts. To implement this idea, we design an adaptive prompt tuning module, which consists of a meta prompt, an adaptive network, and some keys. The server randomly generates a set of keys and assigns a unique key to each client. Then all clients cooperatively train the global adaptive network and meta prompt with the local datasets and the frozen keys. Ultimately, the global aggregation model can assign a personalized prompt to CLIP based on the domain features of each test sample. We perform extensive experiments on two multi-domain image classification datasets across two different settings --- supervised and unsupervised. The results show that FedAPT can achieve better performance with less than 10\% of the number of parameters of the fully trained model, and the global model can perform well in diverse client domains simultaneously.

Federated Adaptive Prompt Tuning for Multi-Domain Collaborative Learning

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) contain vast amounts of factual knowledge, but how the knowledge is stored in the parameters remains unclear. This paper delves into the complex task of understanding how factual knowledge is stored in multilingual PLMs, and introduces the Architecture-adapted Multilingual Integrated Gradients method, which successfully localizes knowledge neurons more precisely compared to current methods, and is more universal across various architectures and languages. Moreover, we conduct an in-depth exploration on knowledge neurons, leading to the following two important discoveries: (1) The discovery of Language-Independent Knowledge Neurons, which store factual knowledge in a form that transcends language. We design cross-lingual knowledge editing experiments, demonstrating that the PLMs can accomplish this task based on language-independent neurons; (2) The discovery of Degenerate Knowledge Neurons, a novel type of neuron showing that different knowledge neurons can store the same fact. Its property of functional overlap endows the PLMs with a robust mastery of factual knowledge. We design fact-checking experiments, proving that the degenerate knowledge neurons can help the PLMs to detect wrong facts. Experiments corroborate these findings, shedding light on the mechanisms of factual knowledge storage in multilingual PLMs, and contribute valuable insights to the field. The source code will be made publicly available for further research.

Journey to the Center of the Knowledge Neurons: Discoveries of Language-Independent Knowledge Neurons and Degenerate Knowledge Neurons | VIDEO

Named Entity Recognition (NER), which aims to identify the span and category of entities within  text, is a fundamental task in natural language processing.  Recent NER approaches have featured  pre-trained transformer-based models (e.g., BERT) as a crucial encoding component to achieve state-of-the-art performance. However, due to the length limit for input text, these models typically consider text at the sentence-level and cannot capture the long-range contextual dependency within a document. To address this issue, we propose a novel Span Graph Transformer (SGT) method for document-level NER, which constructs long-range contextual dependencies at both the token and span levels. Specifically,  we first retrieve relevant contextual sentences in the document for each target sentence, and jointly encode them by BERT to capture token-level dependencies.  Then,  our proposed model extracts candidate spans from each sentence and integrates these spans into a document-level span graph, where nested spans within sentences and identical spans across sentences are connected. By leveraging the power of Graph Transformer and well-designed position encoding, our span graph can fully exploit span-level dependencies within the document. Extensive experiments on both resource-rich nested and flat NER datasets, as well as low-resource distantly supervised NER datasets, demonstrate that proposed SGT model achieves better performance than previous state-of-the-art models.

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Retrieval-Augmented Primitive Representations for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning | VIDEO

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