Singapore

Recent advancements in end-to-end autonomous driving systems (ADSs) underscore their potential for perception and planning capabilities. However, challenges remain. Complex driving scenarios contain rich semantic information, yet ambiguous or noisy semantics can compromise decision reliability, while interference between multiple driving tasks may hinder optimal planning. Furthermore, prolonged inference latency slows decision-making, increasing the risk of unsafe driving behaviors. To address these challenges, we propose ExpertAD, a novel framework that enhances the performance of ADS with Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture. We introduce a Perception Adapter (PA) to amplify task-critical features, ensuring contextually relevant scene understanding, and a Mixture of Sparse Experts (MoSE) to minimize task interference during prediction, allowing for effective and efficient planning. Our experiments show that ExpertAD reduces average collision rates by up to 20% and inference latency by 25% compared to prior methods. We further evaluate its multi-skill planning capabilities in rare scenarios (e.g., accidents, yielding to emergency vehicles) and demonstrate strong generalization to unseen urban environments. Additionally, we present a case study that illustrates its decision-making process in complex driving scenarios. Codes are included in the supplementary material.

AAAI 2026

ExpertAD: Enhancing Autonomous Driving Systems with Mixture of Experts

performance

autonomous driving

planning

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

technical paper

News image captioning aims to produce journalistically informative descriptions by combining visual content with contextual cues from associated articles. Despite recent advances, existing methods struggle with three key challenges: (1) incomplete information coverage, (2) weak cross-modal alignment, and (3) suboptimal visual-entity grounding. To address these issues, we introduce \textbf{MERGE}, the first \textbf{M}ultimodal \textbf{E}ntity-aware \textbf{R}etrieval-augmented \textbf{GE}neration framework for news image captioning. MERGE constructs an entity-centric multimodal knowledge base (EMKB) that integrates textual, visual, and structured knowledge, enabling enriched background retrieval. It improves cross-modal alignment through a multistage hypothesis-caption strategy and enhances visual-entity matching via dynamic retrieval guided by image content. Extensive experiments on GoodNews and NYTimes800k show that MERGE significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, with CIDEr gains of +6.84 and +1.16 in caption quality, and F1-score improvements of +4.14 and +2.64 in named entity recognition. Notably, MERGE also generalizes well to the unseen Visual News dataset, achieving +20.17 in CIDEr and +6.22 in F1-score, demonstrating strong robustness and domain adaptability.

Knowledge Completes the Vision: A Multimodal Entity-aware Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for News Image Captioning

To efficiently solve exact discrete optimization problems, branch and bound algorithms require tight bounds. In constraint programming, for optimization, soft arc consistencies typically derive much stronger bounds than those offered by domain or bound consistencies applied to a cost variable. The reason is that soft local consistencies exchange marginal cost information between variables whereas domain consistencies rely only on shrinking domains, which is less informative. However, CP solvers equipped with soft arc consistencies have so far offered limited support for efficient global constraints processing.

In this work, we show how we can efficiently enforce soft local consistency over the AllDifferent constraint, relying on algorithms for the Linear Assignment problem (LAP). We implement this propagator in toulbar2, the state-of-the-art weighted CP solver exploiting soft local consistencies for bounding. On problems that include AllDifferent constraints, we show that, equipped with this new propagator, toulbar2 outperforms state-of-the-art domain consistency-based CP as well as integer programming solvers for the Quadratic Assignment Problem and shows better overall performance in the miniCOP track of the 2024 XCSP competition.

Assignment Problems in Cost Function Networks

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful framework for enhancing the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating retrieval-based methods with generative models. As external knowledge repositories continue to expand and the parametric knowledge within models becomes outdated, a critical challenge for RAG systems is resolving conflicts between retrieved external information and LLMs' internal knowledge, which can significantly compromise the accuracy and reliability of generated content. However, existing approaches to conflict resolution typically operate at the token or semantic level, often leading to fragmented and partial understanding of factual discrepancies between LLMs' knowledge and context, particularly in knowledge-intensive tasks. To address this limitation, we propose TruthfulRAG, the first framework that leverages Knowledge Graphs (KGs) to resolve factual-level knowledge conflicts in RAG systems. Specifically, TruthfulRAG constructs KGs by systematically extracting triples from retrieved content, utilizes query-based graph retrieval to identify relevant knowledge, and employs entropy-based filtering mechanisms to precisely locate conflicting elements and mitigate factual inconsistencies, thereby enabling LLMs to generate faithful and accurate responses. Extensive experiments reveal that TruthfulRAG outperforms existing methods, effectively alleviating knowledge conflicts and improving the robustness and trustworthiness of RAG systems.

TruthfulRAG: Resolving Factual-level Conflicts in Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Knowledge Graphs

Cross-modal hashing (CMH) achieves remarkable success in large-scale cross-modal retrieval thanks to its low storage cost and high computational efficiency. However, existing CMH methods typically rely on accurately annotated data. Due to the high annotation cost and the time-consuming process, this inevitably leads to noisy labels. Although some noisy label learning methods have been proposed to mitigate performance degradation caused by annotation errors, they do not reflect the real annotation process. In practice, annotators tend to assign a candidate label set to a sample pair instead of a single unreliable label, due to inherent ambiguity and noise in real-world data annotation. In this paper, we investigate a less-touched yet meaningful problem, i.e., cross-modal hashing with partial labels (PLCMH). PLCMH faces the dual challenges of label ambiguity and modality-alignment barriers caused by redundant noisy labels. To address these issues, we propose a novel approach named Ambiguity-Tolerant Cross-Modal Hashing (ATCH). Specifically, ATCH presents a Local Consensus Disambiguation (LCD) mechanism that resolves the label ambiguity by computing the sample pair label confidence based on local consensus. Moreover, ATCH proposes a Confidence-Aware Contrastive Hashing (CACH) mechanism that derives both pseudo labels and trustworthiness scores from the label confidence vector to learn discriminative hash codes, leading to effective modality alignment. Extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed ATCH.

Ambiguity-Tolerant Cross-Modal Hashing with Partial Labels

Deep multi-view clustering (MVC) methods achieve impressive performance by effectively capturing complementary information across views, where feature fusion serves as the critical mechanism for maximizing cross-view complementarity. However, most existing methods suffer from rigid dependence on non-adaptive predefined fusion operations, resulting in unverifiable and potentially suboptimal fused feature quality. To resolve these limitations, we propose a novel multi-view clustering framework that learns adaptive hierarchical fusion through an unsupervised evolutionary algorithm. Unlike conventional predefined-fusion strategies, our approach employs tree-structured representations (Fusion Trees) for adaptive feature integration. These Fusion Trees are optimized via our evolutionary mechanism, in which models sharing identical architectures but distinct Fusion Trees are conceptualized as evolutionary individuals. Through implementation of the evolutionarily optimized Fusion Tree, the resultant model generates discriminative representations in accordance with biological evolutionary principles. Comprehensive benchmarking across twelve multi-view datasets validates significant performance gains improvement over state-of-the-art baselines.

Adaptive Evolutionary Fusion for Multi-View Clustering

Sound symbolism is a linguistic concept that refers to non-arbitrary associations between phonetic forms and their meanings. We suggest that this can be a compelling probe into how Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) interpret auditory information in human languages. We investigate MLLMs' performance on phonetic iconicity across textual (orthographic and IPA) and auditory forms of inputs with up to 25 semantic dimensions (e.g., sharp vs. round), observing models' layer-wise information processing by measuring phoneme-level attention fraction scores. To this end, we present LEX-ICON, an extensive mimetic word dataset consisting of 8,052 words from four natural languages (English, French, Japanese, and Korean) and 2,930 systematically constructed pseudo-words, annotated with semantic features applied across both text and audio modalities. Our key findings demonstrate (1) MLLMs' phonetic intuitions that align with existing linguistic research across multiple semantic dimensions and (2) phonosemantic attention patterns that highlight models' focus on iconic phonemes. These results bridge domains of artificial intelligence and cognitive linguistics, providing the first large-scale, quantitative analyses of phonetic iconicity in terms of MLLMs' interpretability.

Do Language Models Associate Sound with Meaning? A Multimodal Study of Sound Symbolism

Artificial intelligence systems in critical fields like autonomous driving and medical imaging analysis often continually learn new tasks using a shared stream of input data. For instance, after learning to detect traffic signs, a model may later need to learn to classify traffic lights or different types of vehicles using the same camera feed. This scenario introduces a challenging setting we term Continual Multitask Learning (CMTL), where a model sequentially learns new tasks on an underlying data distribution without forgetting previously learned abilities. Existing continual learning methods often fail in this setting because they learn fragmented, task-specific features that interfere with one another. To address this, we introduce Learning with Preserving (LwP), a novel framework that shifts the focus from preserving task outputs to maintaining the geometric structure of the shared representation space. The core of LwP is a Dynamically Weighted Distance Preservation (DWDP) loss that prevents representation drift by regularizing the pairwise distances between latent data representations. This mechanism of preserving the underlying geometric structure allows the model to retain implicit knowledge and support diverse tasks without requiring a replay buffer, making it suitable for privacy-conscious applications. Extensive evaluations on time-series and image benchmarks show that LwP not only mitigates catastrophic forgetting but also consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in CMTL tasks. Notably, our method shows superior robustness to distribution shifts and is the only approach to surpass the strong single-task learning baseline, underscoring its effectiveness for real-world dynamic environments.

Learning with Preserving for Continual Multitask Learning

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in recent years, owing to their impressive generalization capabilities and rich world knowledge. To capitalize on the potential of using LLMs as recommender systems, mainstream approaches typically focus on two paradigms. The first paradigm designs multi-domain or multi-task instruction data for generalizable recommendation, so as to align LLMs with general recommendation areas and deal with cold-start recommendation. The second paradigm focuses on enhancing domain-specific recommendation tasks, improving performance in warm recommendation scenarios. While most previous works treat these two paradigms separately, we argue that they have complementary advantages, and combining them can yield better results. In this paper, we propose a generalizable and efficient LLM-based recommendation framework RecCocktail. Our approach begins with fine-tuning a "base spirit" LoRA module using domain-general recommendation instruction data to align LLM with recommendation knowledge. Next, given users' behavior of a specific domain, we construct a domain-specific "ingredient" LoRA module. We then provide an entropy-guided adaptive merging method to mix the "base spirit" and the "ingredient" in the weight space. Please note that, RecCocktail combines the advantages of the existing two paradigms without introducing additional time or space overhead during the inference phase. Moreover, RecCocktail is efficient with plug and play, as the "base spirit" LoRA is trained only once, and any domain-specific "ingredient" can be efficiently mixed with only domain-specific fine-tuning. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets under both warm and cold-start recommendation scenarios validate the effectiveness and generality of the proposed RecCocktail.

RecCocktail: A Generalizable and Efficient Framework for LLM-Based Recommendation

Generating thorough natural language explanations for threat detections remains an open problem in cybersecurity research, despite significant advances in automated malware detection systems. In this work, we present AutoMalDesc, an automated static analysis summarization framework that, following initial training on a small set of expert-curated examples, operates independently at scale. This approach leverages an iterative self-paced learning pipeline to progressively enhance output quality through synthetic data generation and validation cycles, eliminating the need for extensive manual data annotation. Evaluation across 3,600 diverse samples in five scripting languages demonstrates statistically significant improvements between iterations, showing consistent gains in both summary quality and classification accuracy. Our comprehensive validation approach combines quantitative metrics based on established malware labels with qualitative assessment from both human experts and LLM-based judges, confirming both technical precision and linguistic coherence of generated summaries. To facilitate reproducibility and advance research in this domain, we publish our complete dataset of more than 100K script samples, including annotated seed (900) and test (3.6K) datasets, along with our methodology and evaluation framework.

AutoMalDesc: Large-Scale Script Analysis for Cyber Threat Research

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities, but remain susceptible to a growing spectrum of safety risks, including jailbreaks, toxic content, hallucinations, and bias. Existing defenses often address only a single threat type or resort to rigid outright rejection, sacrificing user experience and failing to generalize across diverse and novel attacks. This paper introduces Adversarial Scenario Extrapolation (ASE), a novel inference-time computation framework that leverages Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to simultaneously enhance LLM robustness and seamlessness. ASE guides the LLM through a self-generative process of contemplating potential adversarial scenarios and formulating defensive strategies before generating a response to the user query. Comprehensive evaluation on four adversarial benchmarks with four latest LLMs shows that ASE achieves near-zero jailbreak attack success rates and minimal toxicity, while slashing outright rejections to $\leq$4\%. ASE outperforms six state-of-the-art defenses in robustness-seamlessness trade-offs, with 92–99\% accuracy on adversarial Q\&A and 4–10× lower bias scores. By transforming adversarial perception into an intrinsic cognitive process, ASE sets a new paradigm for secure and natural human-AI interaction.

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Knowledge Completes the Vision: A Multimodal Entity-aware Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for News Image Captioning

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